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2011年10月6日星期四

Uploading the Syrian uprising

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14 September 2011 Last updated at 22:58 GMT Mishal Husain By Mishal Husain BBC News, Beirut Hidden cameras led the way - and satphones followed

Social networking and internet-based communication has been crucial to all the Arab Spring uprisings, including the ongoing struggle in Syria - and Syrian exiles in Lebanon are helping to make it possible.

In cramped, smoke-filled apartments in Beirut, I came to know the two men who, for me, now embody the Syrian uprising.

Both are exiles, escaping from President Bashar Assad's Syria at different times, but now with very similar lives undercover in Lebanon.

It is a strange existence - understandably secretive - for these are the people trying to do everything in their power to end Mr Assad's grip on their country.

Rami, with Mishal Husain Rami seemed to need only his laptop and cigarettes to exist

One is Rami Nakhle, known in the Twittersphere by the pseudonym Malath Aumran. He was forced to flee Syria in January as the security services began to suspect he was responsible for a Facebook page fiercely critical of the regime.

Rami is an intense young man who seems to live and breathe through his laptop, constantly connected to the protests in his country and relentless in his zeal to spread the word about them.

We first met in Beirut just a few weeks into the Syrian uprising.

Unlike many other dissidents, Rami was prepared to be seen on camera and explain the process of gathering the news of Syria and disseminating it to the mass media.

It was a Friday, the day of prayer, and his network of cyberactivists was braced both for protests and for a tough response from the authorities.

The atmosphere in the apartment was heavy with expectation.

Red-rimmed eyes

Within moments of our introduction, I felt as if I had been transported to Damascus.

Rami's whole existence seemed to be devoted to what he called "the Syrian struggle".

He looked as though he had not slept in weeks - his pale, red-rimmed eyes staring at his computer, leaving it only to go live on air when foreign TV and radio asked for interviews.

As I sat with him, watching him monitor Facebook and Twitter, a video clip arrived via email. It was labelled "a martyr from the city of Hama".

Rami said: "I don't usually watch these," but clicked on it nevertheless.

I was prepared to see a body, but the footage showed a man who had just been shot, slumped to the ground as a deep red stain seeped across his clothing. Some of those around him were trying to keep him alive. Others were filming the scenes on their phones.

Both Rami and I were shocked into silence and after a moment he abruptly left the room.

I remained, watching the last, frozen frame.

In any other context, it would be grotesque to think of a scene like this being filmed by onlookers. Here, though, it was if everyone had their task - some to try to save a life, others to capture the evidence.

Later that day, I saw reports that one person had been killed in Hama. This time I could visualise that person as never before.

'So heartfelt'

The other dissident, Omar Edlibi, is a very different but equally compelling character.

Omar Edlibi Omar Edlibi: "I am a poet, not a politician"

The father of a young son, he is strongly motivated by his desire to create a better Syria for the next generation.

Unlike Rami, he was still in Syria when the uprising began in March, and began agitating and getting people out on to the streets.

He explained how the first gatherings in Damascus began, in solidarity with the people of Egypt and Tunisia. The authorities even encouraged them, ignoring the irony of supporting democracy elsewhere while repressing it at home.

Omar, like Rami, battles with guilt. Some of those he has encouraged and persuaded to join him on the streets have been killed in front of him.

It is clear that he feels their loss - and his responsibility for it - acutely.

What sustains him are his ideals - a Syria that he can be proud of, that can live in peace with its neighbours.

He was so eloquent, so heartfelt, that when the cameras stopped rolling I said he could run for office in a future Syria.

He laughed and shook his head. "No," he said, "I am a poet, not a politician."

Changing passwords

As the protests have continued, wealthy Syrian exiles have begun to play a part, buying satellite phones, that are packaged in Beirut and smuggled across the border.

It is a very risky journey to make, but the phones are a lifeline for activists as they struggle against the regime's efforts to cut them off from each other and the outside world.

The activists share online passwords, so that if one of them is arrested and drops out of contact, the relevant password can be immediately changed - preventing data falling into the hands of President Assad's dreaded security services.

In one of my meetings with Rami, he acknowledged that he had already changed 17 passwords out of the 20 he held - meaning that 17 out of 20 had been arrested.

In the secretive world of Syrian dissidents in Lebanon, I was never sure whether Rami and Omar knew one another.

Neither ever showed any doubts about the outcome of the uprising in Syria. They are perhaps at present no closer to their goal, but both insisted that in the end they would prevail.


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2011年10月3日星期一

Syrian opposition unveils council

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16 September 2011 Last updated at 00:47 GMT Syria's new national council is announced in Istanbul. From left: Imad Eldin Rashid, Ahmed Ramadan, Basma Kadmadi and Abdulbaset Sida. Syria's political opposition hopes to unify dissent against President Assad Members of Syria's opposition groups have chosen 140 people to form a "national council" after a meeting held in Turkey.

The council aims to organise and give a public face to protests against Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.

It will also aim to co-ordinate the opposition's policies against the Syrian leadership.

Turkey used to be a close ally of Syria, but has recently joined calls for Mr Assad to implement reforms.

At the meeting, 70 names were read out from a list of 140, as at least some of the rest cannot be named, possibly because they are inside Syria, says the BBC's Jonathan Head in Istanbul.

Others are in exile.

The opposition groups seem to have finally agreed to what is effectively an embryonic Syrian national assembly, says our correspondent.

For the first time, it has the full backing of all opposition groups inside and outside the country, and will now represent the opposition, he adds.

Continuing violence

An opposition spokeswoman, Basma Qadmani, said: "After completing the first level of consultative meetings, groups of revolutionary youth, political movements and personalities, activists and technocrats decided to found the Syrian National Council."

Continue reading the main story image of Jonathan Head Jonathan Head BBC News, Istanbul

The contrast with Libya is striking. There, the National Transitional Council was set up just two weeks after the uprising in Benghazi.

But conditions in Syria are far more challenging. At no time has the opposition been able to take control of a part of the country, as it did in Libya.

There was nowhere inside the country where a single opposition body could have been set up.

This time, say the organisers, lessons have been learned, and the new national council does enjoy the support of every significant dissident group.

Yasser Tabbara, another member of the council, said it had not yet elected a president.

"We are in a democratic process. This is an inaugural meeting," he told the AFP news agency.

An activist told the BBC that representatives from Syrian minorities were included, in response to their growing concern over what might happen after the ousting of President Assad, who is a member of the minority Alawite community.

The BBC's Jonathan Head in Istanbul says the council will inevitably draw comparisons with the National Transitional Council in Libya.

However, the challenge confronting Syrian dissidents is much greater, he says, as they have no liberated areas inside Syria and there are open differences between the various opposition forces.

On Wednesday, Syrian security forces were reported to have launched a new operation against opponents of Mr Assad's regime in the north-west of the country.

Foreign reporters are not being allowed in to Syria so news organisations are largely dependent on unverified amateur video and reports by rights groups.

According to the UN, more than 2,200 people have been killed in Syria since anti-government protests began more than five months ago.

The government says hundreds of its personnel have been killed.

The international community has urged the Syrian president to stop targeting civilians.

The government insists that it has a political reform programme in place, but opposition leaders say there can be no free and fair elections while the ruling Baath party is in power.


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